2023年9月17日，由塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦联合申报的“丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆的廊道”项目获咨询机构推荐列入，经世界遗产委员会审议，根据突出普遍价值标准（ii）（iii）（v）成功列入《世界遗产名录》。

大会审议现场

丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆廊道“Kum 聚落”（图源：UNESCO丝绸之路项目中亚国际研究院（UNESCO-IICAS）

丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆廊道“Gardani Khisor聚落”（图源：UNESCO-IICAS）

丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆廊道“Tali Khamtuda城堡”（图源：UNESCO-IICAS）

丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆廊道是中亚地区丝绸之路的重要路段之一，它连接着其他四面八方的丝绸之路廊道。这条866公里长的廊道由34个遗产组成部分构成，它们分布在崎岖的山脉、肥沃的河谷和无人居住的沙漠中，沿着泽拉夫善河流从东到西延伸，又沿着古代商队道路向西南迈进，穿过沙漠直达梅尔夫绿洲。

申报的遗产组成部分沿着廊道分布，穿越高地、山麓、干草原、绿洲、肥沃的山谷和干旱沙漠地带等不同的地理区域，反映了景观的复杂性，也表现出人类社会对丝绸之路活动和贸易控制的适应。丝绸之路沿途自然情况差异很大，有肥沃的山谷和三角洲、也有沙漠和河流交汇处，人类根据不同情况做出了不同的选择，从沿途的小城镇、堡垒和中转站中可见一斑。贸易往来带来了政治和社会资本，主要反映在商业发展程度、社会精英和宗教建筑等多方面，在申报文件中均有阐述。这里是世界历史上最具国际化特征的粟特商人（Sogdians）繁荣昌盛的地方。对粟特、帕提亚帝国、萨珊王朝、帖木儿王国和塞尔柱王朝等诸多丝绸之路沿线帝国来说，对这些廊道的控制至关重要，因为这是在丝绸之路上开展长距离交流的基础。

东西方大量的货物和一些高价值的商品沿着丝绸之路廊道运输和交易，许多著名土特产也从当地运输出来，以满足远方居民的需求。人们在丝绸之路廊道上旅行、定居、征服或者被击败，这里逐渐演变成种族、文化、宗教、科学和技术的摇篮。从公元前2世纪至16世纪这一历史时期，该丝绸之路廊道经历了三个繁荣阶段：公元5世纪至8世纪——粟特商人的崛起；公元10世纪至12世纪——与穆斯林世界及其他地区发展繁荣的贸易；公元13世纪至17世纪——在蒙古人统治下，科学、文化、城市规划和经济得到蓬勃发展。

标准(ii)：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆的廊道展示出十八世纪以来不同的人类价值观在中亚心脏地带发生的重要交流和碰撞，主要反映在遗产组成部分的建筑、纪念碑、城市规划、景观、艺术和技术等方面，体现出鲜明而又融合多样的多元文化、民族传统、信仰和技术。作为连接多个民族地区丝绸之路路网中心的主要路段之一，泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆的廊道曾被沿线附近多个伟大的帝国所控制，它清晰地展示了人口、文化和传统、思想和信念、以及与之相关的知识和技术的多样性特征。

标准(iii)：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆的廊道覆盖着因历史积淀而形成的丰富文物，独特见证了由廊道沿线的贸易和交换所塑造的社会文化传统。粟特商人的财富证明了这一点，他们的豪华住宅、带有火坛和壁画的粟特神庙、阿契美尼德城堡、带有大型尖塔的早期伊斯兰式清真寺、阿拉伯大征服后形成的丰富多彩的苏菲主义建筑、先进的灌溉系统，以及各种商旅服务设施等。这些设施均由控制走廊的历代帝国提供并维护。

丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆廊道“Khoja Mukhammad Bashoro陵墓”（图源：UNESCO-IICAS）

标准(v)：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆的廊道是传统人类聚居地和土地利用的杰出范例，反映了人类与自然之间的相互作用。廊道领土包括高原、山麓地带、干旱草原、绿洲和肥沃山谷、干旱沙漠等多种地理区域，是人类进行城镇规划、建筑设计、农业和其他生产活动的依托。当地人民的决心、主动性和独创性设计，把这片贫瘠的土地变成了一个兴盛繁荣的地方。

丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆廊道“古彭吉肯特遗址”（图源：UNESCO-IICAS）

丝绸之路：泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆廊道“Khisorak聚落”（图源：UNESCO-IICAS）

完整性

遗产的完整性反映在两个层面：廊道整体以及遗产组成部分。在廊道整体层面，陵墓、萨尔多巴（sardobas）、商队驿站、宣礼塔、清真寺、宗教建筑群、聚居地和古城遗迹等遗产组成部分的形式和功能呈现出多样性特征，充分展示出该廊道作为一个路段在历史上曾经发挥的积极作用，它不仅连通了其他廊道，还促进了与地方商品的贸易往来。作为一个整体，该系列遗产还展示了丝绸之路沿线的思想和知识交流状况，这是人与商品之间流动的结果。在遗产组成部分层面，所有传递遗产突出普遍价值的必要属性特征都反映在了遗产中。发展压力等影响遗产的因素基本都在缔约国的控制之中。

真实性

无论是廊道整体还是每个遗产组成部分，都表现出遗产的真实性特征。在廊道整体层面，丝绸之路路线的走向、地理条件、形成廊道的景观环境，尽管随时间推移，但大体上仍保持不变。在遗产组成部分层面，遗产的位置、规划和布局也保持不变。这里许多公路路段仍然像过去一样用于交通运输，而且，大多数宗教建筑和墓地也仍旧发挥着原来的功能。许多考古遗址已经得到发掘和回填，以保护遗产材料、防止出现恶化。其中，绝大多数部分遗产仍未被碰触，这为未来的研究和真实数据的恢复提供了机会。从大多数建筑上都能看到原有材料和设计的情况。对建筑物进行的保护措施也遵循了国际公认的原则，例如最少干预原则等。以遗产阐释为目的而进行重建时，重建的部分与原始的结构和材料进行了区分。

丝绸之路:“泽拉夫善-卡拉库姆的廊道”的地理范围是:沿泽拉夫尚河的宽广流域,至喀喇昆仑沙漠地带。在国际古迹遗址理事会《丝绸之路专题研究》中,它属于54条廊道中的第4、5条。它 与中亚地区北部的天山廊道、东部的费尔干纳山谷廊道,南部的阿姆河廊道相连,经咸海南部连接西边的里海廊道,以及经梅尔夫连接呼罗珊廊道。廊道起点位于塔吉克斯坦共和国索格德省的基索 拉克(Khisorak),终点是土库曼斯坦马雷州的库什梅罕(Kushmeihan)。其东部属于崎岖山脉,中部为索格狄亚那的肥沃绿洲,向西穿过阿姆河进入喀喇昆仑沙漠,继而到达穆尔加布河下游的绿洲。廊道总长度为866公里,穿越高原、山麓、平原、人工灌溉区、绿洲、草原和沙漠等地理区域。在其 所属的三个国家中,山区主要位于塔吉克斯坦境内,平原部分为乌兹别克斯坦,过阿姆河至沙漠地区属于土库曼斯坦。

本次申报的遗产点按照历史功能将其划分为中心城镇与贸易聚落、田野聚落、交通及防御设施、宗教遗迹、灌溉系统及供水遗迹5个类型。

其中中心城镇与贸易聚落：

桑贾尔沙赫(Sanjarshakh),公元5至9世纪;

片治肯特古城(Town of Penjikent),公元5至8世纪;

卡菲尔·卡拉古城(Kafirkala Settlement),公元1至9世纪;

达布斯亚古城 (Dabusiya Settlement),公元前6世纪至公元19世纪;

瓦尔丹泽古城(Vardanze Settlement),公元4至13 世纪;

瓦刺赫沙古城(Varakh-Sha Settlement),公元前2世纪至公元11世纪;

派依肯特古城(Paikent Settlement),公元前4世纪至公元13世纪;

阿穆勒古城(Amul Settlement),公元1至19世纪;库什梅罕古城(Kushmeihan/Dinli Kishman),公元2至13世纪。

田野聚落：

希索拉克(Khi-sorak),公元1至10 世纪;

库姆古城(Kum Set-dement),公元7至8世纪;

加尔达尼—希索尔古城(Gardani-Khisor),公元7 至8世纪。

交通及防御设施：

穆格山堡(Castle on Mount Mugh),公元7至8世纪;

塔利—赫姆图达居址(Tali-Khamtuda),公元前2至前1世纪、公元1至3世纪、公元10至12世纪;

拉波提·马利克 驿站(及蓄水池)(Raboti Malik Caravanserai),公元11至12世纪;

曼萨夫驿站(Mansaf Caravanserai),

科恩加拉驿站(Konegala Caravanserai),

塔玛拉依驿站(Tahma-laj),

阿克亚加拉驿站(Akj a Gala Caravanserai),

吉兹勒亚加拉驿站(Gyzylj a Gala Caravanserai),公元8至13世纪。

宗教遗迹：

穆罕默 德·巴沙罗陵墓(Mukham-mad Basharo),公元11至14世纪;

加尔特帕二号神庙(Jartepa Ⅱ Temple), 公元5至8世纪;

苏雷曼特帕修道院(Suleimaytepa),公元1至9世纪;

库西姆沙依克建筑群(Qosim Shaikh),公元16至20世纪;

米尔赛义德巴赫罗姆陵墓(Mir-Sayid Bakhrom Mausoleum),公元11世纪;

德加隆清真寺(Deggaron Mosque),公元11世纪;

查斯玛依·约伯冢(Chasma-i Ayub Zhazira),公元13 世纪;

沃布肯特宣礼塔(Vobkent Minaret),公元12世纪;

巴赫欧丁纳克什班德建筑群(Bahouddin Naqshiband Architectural Complex),公元16至19世纪;

乔巴克尔大墓地(Chor Bakr Necropolis),公元 14世纪。

灌溉系统及供水遗迹：

托克桑克利兹坎儿井(Toksankoriz Irrigation System),公元5至8 世纪、公元10至12世纪。

这一廊道是继2014年长安-天山廊道的路网之后，又一个成功列入《世界遗产名录》的丝绸之路项目。多国经过十多年的共同努力，今天终于有了实实在在的成果，祝贺塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦！

来源： 中国古迹遗址保护协会

塔吉克斯坦/土库曼斯坦/乌兹别克斯坦

Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor

丝绸之路：泽拉夫尚-卡拉库姆廊道

ICOMOS建议无保留列入

泽拉夫尚-卡拉库姆廊道是丝绸之路在中亚的关键路段之一，它连接着来自四面八方的其他廊道。本项目共有34个遗产点，分布在崇山峻岭、肥沃的河谷和荒无人烟的沙漠中，全长866公里，自东向西沿泽拉夫尚河延伸，再向西南沿着穿越卡拉库姆沙漠的古代商队道路到达绿洲城市梅尔夫（土库曼斯坦的世界遗产古梅尔夫国家历史文化公园）。在公元前2世纪至公元16世纪丝绸之路的历史时期，该廊道经历了3个繁荣时期：5-8世纪粟特商人的崛起；10-12世纪与穆斯林世界及其他地区的繁荣贸易；13-17世纪蒙古人统治时期科学、文化、城市规划和经济的重大发展。

Draft Decision: 45 COM 8B.13

The World Heritage Committee,

1. Having examined Documents WHC/23/45.COM/8B and WHC/23/45.COM/INF.8B1,

2. Inscribes the Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, on the World Heritage List on the basis of criteria (ii), (iii) and (v);

3. Adopts the following Statement of Outstanding Universal Value:

Brief synthesis

The Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor is one of the key sections of the Silk Roads in Central Asia that connects other corridors from all directions. Comprising thirty-four component parts located in rugged mountains, fertile river valleys, and uninhabited desert, the 866-kilometre corridor runs from east to west along the Zarafshan River and further southwest following the ancient caravan roads crossing the Karakum Desert to the Merv Oasis.

Nominations to the World Heritage List WHC/23/45.COM/8B, p.31

Dotted along the corridor passing through varied geographical areas such as highland, piedmont, dry steppe, oases, fertile valleys, and arid-desert zones, the selected component parts reflect the complexity of landscapes and the adaption of societies to the control of the Silk Roads movement and trade. The variation in human responses between the fertile valleys and deltas, and the desert and river crossings, are clearly reflected in the selection of small towns, forts, and way stations; while the outcomes of the political and social capital generated by trading contacts are reflected in the range of commercial, elite, and religious buildings included in the nomination. It was the place where the Sogdians, some of the most international merchants in the world history, flourished. The control of these corridors was of vital significance to many of the great Silk Roads empires, such as the Sogdian, the Parthian, the Sassanian, the Timurid and the Seljuk, as they were fundamental to long-distance exchange along the Silk Roads.

Along the corridor, a large quantity of goods and some high-value commodities from the East and the West were moved and traded, and many famous local products were brought out of there to feed the desires of the populations afar. People travelled, settled, conquered, or were defeated there, making it a melting pot of ethnicities, cultures, religions, sciences, and technologies. During the historic period of the Silk Roads between the 2nd century BCE and the 16th century CE, the Corridor had experienced three prosperous periods: the rise of Sogdians merchants between the 5th and 8th centuries CE; the thriving trade with the Muslim world and beyond between the 10th and 12th centuries CE, and significant development of science, culture, urban planning and economics under the Mongols' rule from the 13th century to the 17th century CE.

Criterion (ii): The Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor exhibits an important interchange of human values over a span of eighteen centuries in the heart of Central Asia as demonstrated by the architecture, monuments, town planning, landscapes, arts, and technology of its component parts which reflect diversified cultures, ethnic traditions, beliefs, and technologies in both distinct and fused ways. Being one of the key sections at the centre of the Silk Roads network linking multiple ethnic regions, which has been alternatively controlled by nearby great empires, the Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor clearly demonstrates the diversity of populations, and the cultures and traditions, ideas and beliefs, as well as knowledge and technologies associated with them.

Criterion (iii): The territory of the Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor is overlaid by rich layers of cultural depositions which accumulated throughout history, which is an exceptional testimony to the cultural traditions of the societies that were shaped by the trade and exchanged along the Corridor. These are evidenced by the wealth of the Sogdian merchants as displayed by their luxurious residences, the Sogdian temples with fire altar and murals, the Achaemenid citadels, the early Islamic hypostyle mosques with a large minaret, the rich Sufism buildings after the Great Arab Conquest, the advanced irrigation systems, as well as the wide spectrum of the caravan service facilities that had been provided and maintained by the successive empires controlling the Corridor.

Criterion (v): The Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor is an outstanding example of traditional human settlements and land use that is representative of human interaction with nature. The territory of the Corridor covers diverse geographic areas such as highlands, piedmonts, dry steppes, oases and fertile valleys, and arid-desert zones, which dictated the town planning, architectural designs, agricultural and other production activities. It was also the people’s determination, initiatives, and ingenious designs that transformed the harsh land into one on which populations thrived.

Integrity

The integrity of the property is at two levels: the corridor level and the individual component part level. At the corridor level, the diversity of forms and functions of the selected component parts, including mausoleums, sardobas, caravanserais, minarets, mosques, religious complexes, settlements, and remains of ancient cities, fully demonstrate the active role the Corridor once played in history as a nodal section, which not only linked other corridors but also contributed to the trade with locally produced goods. The serial property as a whole also showcases the exchange of ideas and knowledge along the Silk Roads as the result of the movement of people and goods. At the individual component part level, all the attributes that are needed to convey the Outstanding Universal Value of the property are included in the property. The factors affecting the property, such as development pressure, are largely under the control of the States Parties.

Authenticity

The authenticity of the property resides at both the corridor level and the individual component part level. At the corridor level, the direction of the route, the geographical conditions, and the landscape settings that had shaped this section remain relatively unchanged over time. At the component part level, the location, the planning, and the layout of the sites remain unchanged. With many stretches of roads still used for transportation as they were used in the past, and most of the religious buildings and cemeteries still performing their original functions today. Many archaeological sites have been excavated and backfilled to protect the materials from deterioration, with the great majority of the portion remaining untouched, providing an opportunity for future research and the recovery of authentic data. The original materials and designs are found in most of the buildings. Conservation interventions conducted on the buildings observed internationally accepted principles such as minimal interventions. Reconstruction for interpretation purposes was undertaken in such a way that the reconstructed parts are distinguishable from the original structures and materials.

Management and protection requirements

The legal protection operates at the international, national, and component part levels. At the international level, an Agreement between the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Ministry of Culture of Turkmenistan for common promotion, management and protection of the components of the Serial Transnational Nomination “Silk Roads: Zeravshan-Karakum Corridor” was signed among the States Parties in 2020 as the legal basis for the protection and management of the property. At the national level, all thirty-four component parts are state-owned and listed under state-level legal designations. At the site level, all thirty-four component parts have been meticulously surveyed, studied, and documented, the necessary measures required for their preservation are implemented, and land-use restrictions as well as planning regulations necessary for conservation purposes, are put into effect.

The Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor is managed at the transnational, national, and component part levels. At the corridor level, the management is regulated by the Agreement, which establishes a Coordinating Committee and a Working Group for the overall protection and management of the property. The Coordinating Committee conducts meetings with relevant stakeholders to resolve arising issues on the protection and management of the Corridor. The Coordinating Committee, together with the local authorities also provides the necessary tools and training to the managers and inspectors and encourage research and joint activities for the protection and promotion of the Silk Roads Corridor. The Working Group conducts meetings to discuss issues on protection and management of the component parts at the request of the Coordinating Committee. The Working Group is also responsible for the monitoring of the state of conservation of the component parts and informing the Coordinating Committee on adopted decisions. The International Institute for Central Asian Studies (IICAS), based in Samarkand (Uzbekistan), facilitates the sharing of information among the countries during management processes. It also acts as the secretariat of the nomination of the Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor.

At the national level, all the component parts are owned by the States Parties, and designated as protected heritage sites. Ministries of Culture of the States Parties are respectively responsible for the management of the cultural heritage in their countries in terms of state registration, policy-making, administration and budget allocation, among others.

At the component part level, each site is managed by the regional branches or governmental institutions under the Ministries of Culture of the States Parties. The costs of site management, maintenance, conservation, and monitoring are mainly covered by the central and local government annual budgetary fund, while national and international ex-budgetary aids are allocated for specific projects such as conservation campaigns, capacity building, and research. Technical support is provided by international resources, as well as universities, and academic institutions of the States Parties.

Staff capacity has been significantly improved in the past decade, but can be further strengthened in the future. A site management plan with a monitoring mechanism should be developed for each component part, and an interpretation strategy should be adopted.

4. Recommends that the States Parties give consideration to the following:

a) Developing and implementing a five-year management plan with monitoring mechanisms as an integral part,

b) Developing and implementing a coordinated interpretation strategy to guide all the interpretation initiatives at the component parts,

c) Establishing visitor management systems at all component parts with basic infrastructure, safety measures, service, and interpretation,

d) Continuing capacity building for on-site staff members,

e) Undertaking research to address the problem of rising damp coupled with salt activities that damage the lower portion of historic structures of the component parts,

f) Engaging local communities in site management, archaeological excavation, conservation and restoration, and tourist services for them to better benefit from the World Heritage status,

g) Undertaking research on artificial irrigation systems that helped the growth of the populations and cities in the region, with the view to consider potential extensions of the property in the future,

h) Considering the Sheibanikhan Water Divider Bridge in the future as an extension of the property when conditions allow it,

i) Investigating on the location and extent of the Toksankoriz Irrigation System (Tajikistan) component part and adjusting the boundaries of the property area and the relevant buffer zone accordingly, so as to cover the whole historical irrigation system, through a minor boundary modification request,

j) Undertaking a study on the associative values of the necropolis, the pilgrim route, and the sacred spring outside the buffer zone of the Mausoleum of Khoja Mukhammad Bashoro (Tajikistan) component part, taking into consideration the requirements of integrity and authenticity, and considering adjustments of the boundaries of this component part, through a minor boundary modification request, if relevant,

k) Incorporating the three World Heritage properties along the Corridor into the management and interpretation systems of this property;

5. Requests the States Parties to submit to the World Heritage Centre by 1 December 2024, a report on the implementation of the above-mentioned recommendations for examination by the World Heritage Committee at its 47th session.