遗产数据库
穆格山城堡遗址Сastle on Mount Mugh
穆格山堡
穆格山堡座落在泽拉夫尚河谷左岸的山脊之上,扼守着从泽拉夫尚河至其支流库姆河的交通要道,具有重要的战略地位。
城堡平面近方形,推测曾有2层结构,占地仅400平米左右,位于不规则形状庭院的西南角,周围有保存不佳的石墙。经考古发掘,城堡内部呈梳状结构,曾发现有五个带拱顶的等大房间(图8-10)。山堡出土包括80份书写在木头、皮革和中国纸张上的合同文书、外交文件以及书信等珍贵粟特文献(图11),其中记载了公元722年片治肯特最后一任统治者在抵抗阿拉伯军队的过程中逃亡至此,并最终投降的历史事件。其它文物包括有彩绘木盾牌(图12)、木质餐具和工具,带有人物形象的金属器,陶器,来自中国的漆器残片和织造精美的丝绸(图13),乐器残片等,除此之外还发现一只完整的皮靴和一顶网状头饰。
穆格山堡是该地区被阿拉伯人征服以及伊斯兰化开始的重要见证,反映了粟特居民在这一特殊历史时期的商业经济、社会文化、生活状况以及与阿拉伯人、突厥人、波斯人、中国人、花剌子模人、费尔干纳人的交流和往来。
图8:遗址鸟瞰来源:Lurje(2014)
图9:遗址地形图来源:Yakubov (1979)
图10 山堡建筑平剖面图来源:Yakubov (1979)
图11:部分粟特文书来源:圣彼得堡艾尔米塔什博物馆(2015)
图12:彩绘木盾牌来源:圣彼得堡艾尔米塔什博物馆(2015)
图13:中国丝绸来源:圣彼得堡艾尔米塔什博物馆(2015)
This apparently small and ordinary castle in picturesque landscape that controlled the passage from Zarafshan river to its tributary Kum obtains outstanding position in the history of Central Asia during the Arab conquest, including the multi-facetted relations of Sogdians along the Silk Roads. It was here that in 1932 – 1933, with quite adventurous circumstances the only surviving Sogdian archive and many material objects have been found. The archive, which is now the basic source for the history of Central Asia, belonged to Divashtich, the last ruler of Panjakent (706 – 722 CE) and his detachment, who were expelled to the mountains where they had to surrender to the Muslim commander. The archive is the main documentary source on Islamization of Transoxiana, and it is great witness to social, political, economic history of 8th century Sogdiana. The references to Arabs, Turks, Persians, Chinese, Khorezmians, Ferganians, etc. in these documents show how much interdependent was Central Asia of that epoch. Apart from documents, many everyday objects were discovered at Mount Mugh, and again, some of them are indications of cultural transfer such as Chinese silk and lacquer objects. Therefore, the Castle on Mount Mugh bears exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition of Sogdians through its documents, tangibly associated with significant events of Islamization and local withstanding to it. It is also a good example of fortification of Sogdians as well as the reflection of human activity in unfavorable mountain environment.
8世纪初中亚粟特城堡遗址。位于今苏联塔吉克加盟共和国片治肯特城以东60余公里的扎拉夫尚河与其支流库马河汇合处。“穆格”在塔吉克语中为“王”的意思。该堡当是片治肯特的粟特王公季瓦斯季奇的一座要塞,722年被阿拉伯军攻毁。1933年苏联考古学家A.A.弗赖曼主持发掘。