遗产数据库
派依肯特古城Paikend Settlement
派依肯特古城
古城位于布哈拉市西南50公里，绿洲-草原交接处的一座台地之上，总平面大致呈东西向的哑铃型，被一条南北走向、贯穿中心的河流分为两部分，周边可见带塔楼的城墙遗迹。河西部分包括东侧的城堡和西侧相连的两座居民区（Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区）、城防设施、拉巴特、道路系统；河东分布有众多驿站。除一些重点区域外，该遗址大部未经发掘(图88、89)。
方形城堡占地约1公顷，北侧有一座高台。城堡由城墙、塔楼和外围的城壕构成，是古城年代最早的部分（图90）。城堡上建有一座宫殿、两座政务建筑和寺庙。城堡最早的地层为公元前3-2世纪，发掘揭露出一座祆教寺庙，寺庙中心有两座被环形走廊围绕的，设有火坛的房间。公元3-4世纪增建了带方塔的围墙。4-5世纪时期在寺庙东侧扩建了带有大厅、伊万和庭院的宫殿建筑。5-6世纪于东西两侧分别营建了朝政和财政建筑*。在经历了公元8世纪初的焚毁之后，9-10世纪期间在城堡南侧和西侧分别出现了住宅，清真寺和宣礼塔。两座居民区均有泥坯砖围墙拱卫，并被一条内墙分为东侧Ⅰ区（11公顷）和西侧Ⅱ区（9公顷），Ⅰ区稍早于Ⅱ区。Ⅰ区北部的道路系统将其分为若干狭长的街区（22-25x84米），其围墙至少经历5次加固，在9-10世纪时期厚度达10米，西南角有一座平面呈不规则形状的塔楼(图91)。Ⅱ区围墙建于公元6世纪，有10座带有射弹孔的双层塔楼。拉巴特广泛分布在居民区外的东侧和南侧。在东侧发现的近20处建筑基址中，最大一座方形驿站（75x75米）建有椭圆形角楼和庭院，以及包括储藏室、厨房、牲畜栏在内的多处房址（图92）。古城的外墙在拉巴特外围，共建有8座塔楼。
居民区东墙外有包括陶窑、作坊、陶片坑以及几处房址在内的大型制陶中心遗址，出土大量带纹饰的陶器。此外在城堡和其祆教寺庙中分别发现壁画残迹和陶印章，Ⅰ区的窖藏出土有4500枚中世纪早期的钱币。在Ⅰ区和Ⅱ区之间道路相会处还发现了一座8世纪时期的药房。
派依肯特古城是是索格德-布哈拉防御体系中的重要组成部分和商业文化中心，具有精心规划的城市布局。城中兴建的大量驿站反映出该地区的城市发展与丝路贸易的紧密联系。
图88 古城形制及范围鸟瞰卫图 来源：IICAS （2020）
图89 古城鸟瞰 西北-东南 来源：IICAS（2019）
图90 城堡鸟瞰 来源：IICAS (2019)
图91 居民I区俯瞰 东北-西南 来源：IICAS（2019）
图92 方形驿站俯瞰 北-南 来源：IICAS
Paikend reflects the impact of the integration of comprehensive relations, the exchange of social values on the Silk Road, to urban development, architecture and cultural traditions. Exceptional example of Sogdian town planning and architecture transformed according to Islamic traditions in its later period of occupancy. It greatly contributed to the development and sustainability of trade culture, through serving, not only as the points for trading, but also as the living land of merchants. Unlike other petty Sogdian city-states Paikend was not a monarchy but a republic. The large-scale excavations at Paikend make it exceptional source of information on pre-Islamic and Moslem Transoxiana. The economy of the city was sustained not only through trade but also manufacturing: it contains the remains of the workshops of glassblowers and potters as well as remains of chemicals, Central Asia’s oldest known pharmacy. It was found as a fortress in the 3rdcentury BC and later was transformed into a small town since 5th century CE, developing with the course of time and reaching the area of 20 ha in the 9th -11th centuries before being abandoned due to shortage of water. Paikend is a unique example of urban art formed at the junction zones Irrigation and extreme natural landscape (sandy Kyzylkum desert), but also reflects the impact of an active cultural interaction and exchange of goods on the Silk Road. Paikend is a unique example of urban planning, architectural creativity, and the predetermined nature of settlement, as a major commercial and cultural center on a busy trade route. This is confirmed by the large palace with wall paintings in the interior, Zoroastrian temple, mosque and minaret on the citadel; other neighborhood mosques with carved gypsum prayer niches have been excavated in the shakhristan and suburb, there are solid fortifications, handicraft shops, residential buildings and well-studied street planning. Huge rabats or caravanserais in the neighborhood of Paykend are good witness to trade between Transoxiana and Khorasan in the centuries of early Islam. Although being outside the Kampyrduval wall surrounding Bukhara oasis, Paikend was an important defensive unit in the system of border fortifications of Sogdian Bukhara.