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铁尔梅兹Ancient Termiz呾蜜城
Description
Ancient Termiz includes Qoratepa, Fayaztepa, Zurmala Mortar, Qirq-Qiz, Khakim at-Termiziy, Sultan-Saodat, Kokildor Khonaqo, Djarqurgan Minaret, Kampirtepa. Old Termiz is located in 5 km to the northwest from Termiz, on the right branch of Amudarya River. A total area is 500 hectares consists of four parts, a citadel - Qala, two shakhristans (city) and rabad - the suburb, divided by the fortifications. Capacity of the cultural layers from 2 till 19 m on the citadel. It has arisen in IV - III centuries B.C. The city settlement is formed by the fortress, probably known as Demetriya in III - II centuries B.C. In Kushan period, the large administrative and ideological center of the Northern Bactria was the city of Tarmit with the several Buddhist monasteries - Fayaztepa and Qoratepa. Special blossoming has reached at the IX - X centuries - beginning of XIII century, being the largest trade center-craft of the Northern Toharistan. Mongols destroyed the city in 1220. Partially grows roots in the XVI - XVII centuries. Archeological excavations discovered Buddhist monasteries, palace of Termiz shahs, mosque, buildings of metalworker and potters, walls, economic-inhabited complexes. Necropolis Sultan-Saodat, khonaqo of Kokildor, complex of Qirq-Qiz, the mausoleum Al-Khakim at-Termiziy, Zurmal Mortar, Djarqurgan Minaret, Oq-Ostona Bobo, Kampirtepa are located in the territory of the ancient Termiz.
QORATEPA
Buddhist temple complex of Qoratepa erected in the epoch of Kushan to the northwest outskirts of Ancient Termiz in the I-IV centuries B.C. Characteristic features of Qoratepa concludes that majority of temple complexes were included both as overhead and cave constructions. The overhead part consists of open yard, by the perimeter of the located ayvan gallery. In the one part of the facade were situated the passageways, linked the overhead part with the cave. The overhead temple with big mortar has occupied the northern part of Qoratepa. Finds have indicated for the cultural contacts of Termit (Termiz) with other counties of the ancient world. Especially, it has been found the readable inscriptions like "khadevaka vihara", i.e. tsar of the temple and "vihara gulavhara".
FAYAZTEPA
The erection of Buddhistic constructions in Termiz and in other South regions of Uzbekistan has been occurred at the flourishing period of Kushan Empire, government of Kanishka and Khuvishka. The expansion of Buddhism was the reason of erection of the various types of Buddhist cultural constructions -underground and overhead, Fayaztepa is overhead temple - sangarama, where the central part formed the yard, surrounded by the gallery, decorated with valuable paintings. Small mortar was a part of the complex, located in the outsides of the temple in the wide yard, once surrounded by the walls on the small podium. The diameter of the mortar is 3 m. The cylindrical body is based on the slightly breasted profiled basing with the contours of attic base. The top-breasted forepart builds up from backed bricks. The connecting-link of the temple complex is the rectangular yard (33x20 m) surrounded from all sides of cult premises with entrance to the yard. Along the walls of the yard were erected ayvans and walls were covered by the paintings. Especially rich premise was erected in front of the mortar. Here was discovered the bottom part of the figure of Buddha. According to the excavation has been revealed the architectural shape of the whole complex, consists of the temple and mortar. The exact date of the monument gives the rich numismatic material - I - IV centuries A.D.
ZURMALA MORTAR
Buddhist monument of Zurmala - rises up to the northeast from the fortress walls of Kushan Termiz. Once here, in the suburb zone, were seemingly the whole complexes of Buddhist constructions, but at the Medieval centuries, this territory was occupied by the fields. Just the main construction - huge mortar, lacking in its facing transmitted the centuries. At present it only the unformed massif, however, excavations showed that the building had the rectangular pedestal, where was erected cylindrical shaped tower monolith with dome shaped coronation. All laying was erected from adobe bricks, pedestal was once faced with white flag stone, and main base of the mortar - backed bricks, dyed with bright-red color. The diameter of the mortar equal to 14,5 m. the total height reached once 16 m. it was crowned pole with "umbrellas of honor". The erection of Zurmala connected with Great Kushan, and its scale much bigger than Fayaztepa mortar. It shows about the outstanding value of this building in Buddhist construction in the territory of Central Asia.
KHAKIM AT-TERMIZIY COMPLEX
Architectural complex of Khakim at-Termiziy composed during many centuries in the southwest from the most ancient city citadel. The stately devotee termizian - sufiy of IX century Al-Khakim at-Termiziy buried here. The small mausoleum has been erected above burial of the sheikh. It represents a square by the form of central construction - chartak, with the dome based on four spacious arches and elementary cantilever-cellular angular pendentives. In the interior of the tomb of the wall and dome are covered with rich carved plaster. Under the dome, pass a wide zone of an inscription kufi. The dome is divided by large and small ornamental patterns. Adjacently with the mausoleum, from the northern side is located a small funeral mosque. From here through the open arch was visible the tomb of Khakim at-Termiziy. The mosque looks like three-dome gallery or as though ayvan, turned by three open arches in the small fenced courtyard (is nowadays overlapped), paved in a fur-tree a brick put on the edge. In the center of the western wall of the mosque is mihrab. Mihrab is reveted with the unbaked brick laid in pairs. The letters of Kufian script are laid out from the bricks. The rests of the carved piece preserved on the walls, with the little different character, than in the mausoleum. The panel designed with cramped stellar girih. Another small mausoleum is erected from the east part of the tomb in XII century. Monumental khanaka erected in the northwest part of ensemble at the beginning of the XV century (1405-1409). It is a square shape, has deep arches on the axes. The spacious dome erected by the typical termizian architecture. This building with simple and strong forms is spacious from the inside and monumentally from outside
QIRQ-QIZ COMPLEX
Building of Qirq-Qiz means «Forty maidens»; a national rumor connects with legend widely widespread in Central Asia on the girls-amazons living in the strengthened castle. Qirq-Qiz is located in outside of the strengthening earlier medieval of Termez, on the country grounds, in district; that called Shahri Saman in the last century; in the name of which is not casually embodied connection with the dynasty of Samanids. The building has strictly central composition. It is a square form (54х54), cross wisely dismembered on axes by vaulted corridors, which lead to the central square courtyard (11,5х11,5) from which there was an access to the numerous premises. They settled down in two floors in four sectors of the building captured by the narrow vaulted lobbies. The total number of premises of Qirq-Qiz reached fifty - here were rectangular rooms, corridors, and extensive three tristylous hall - probably, a drawing room - mehmonhona (guess room). Corners of the building are flanked hollow round towers. Adobe brick has used as the material of construction. In interiors, Qirq-Qiz amazes a variety of the vaulted systems erected from adobe of brick. Decoration of interiors is not rich by details. The architectural rhythm mainly used in the decoration of window apertures and niches, issued in the form of various figured arched. Combination of old pre-Islamic traditions and new selections caused by inquiries of other epoch is characteristic for Qirq-Qiz. Isolation of the composition remind earlier feudal castles - keshki.
SULTON-SAODAT COMPLEX
Sulton-Saodat - the large architectural ensemble, is located in territory, where has been developed after mongolian Termiz. Sulton-Saodat is a group of occurring at different time family tombs Termizian Seyidov and cult buildings, which represent original and complete ensemble. Its initial base is made with the southwest part. It includes two mausoleums, which are connected with the deep arch. Researches showed structures of the lump sum and are dated XI century. Interiors of both mausoleums square, but their external dimensions are a little bit different. Development of their main facades is identical: a socle, above it - three arch niches in U-shaped frames, with the arches based on three-quarter columns and a parapet above. The portal of the central arch uniting the mausoleums, towers above the top line of their parapets behind which were raised ledged skufi lancet domes of both tombs. The deep space under the arch served funeral as the mosque. Outside and in interiors in the constructions of ensemble dominated a warm, pink texture backed brick. All other facades have the smooth texture. The interior of the first mausoleum is issued more front with the dismembered arch niches. A brick executes all surfaces of walls. Decoration of the second mausoleum is easier, its walls smooth. Eight pendentives that deduced «in pine» it is similar to the first. In the initial architectural composition, the family tomb Termiz Seyid is represented as pair the mausoleums interconnected opened aside courtyard portal-vaulted ayvan. This composition has served as the typological scheme for the subsequent constructions of ensemble. First buildings appeared in second half of the XV century. In the final composition of Sulton-Saodat is perceived as ensemble of the buildings grouped on the perimeter of very long narrow corridor, with the main relic underlined by the harmonious portal and massive domes in depth.
KOKILDOR KHONAQO
Kokildor is a monumental construction of the XVI century. According to the its function, it was the mausoleum-khonaqo, with the original plan: widely open the niche of the portal has semi octahedron form; axial pass from it conducts into dahlid - a lobby, it is possible to get in the central room and in two lateral corridors, from here, which unites by two rooms. By form and construction of the main facade - disclosing of the monument «the developed composition» dominates over front and on a cross-section axis. Numerous niches and niche the rectangular and pentahedral plan are entered in the decoration of this facade, the portal arch and interiors. Vaulted systems are original in Kokildor. They represent the decorative arches, domes and semi dome on the combined grid of the pendentives executed from cast ganch. The monument was created as an independent building completed in an architectural ensemble and consequently so proportions of portal are harmonious in it and various development of plafond of rooms and niches.
DJARQURGAN MINARET
The minaret represents vertical column shaped construction that has been laid out from backed brick. It is an octahedron in the basis. On the top part of each side are located inscriptions from which was discovered that minaret constructed in 1108-1109 A.D. (502 Muslim calendar) the master architect Ali Muhammad Sarh, under Amir Khuroson's order, subsequently become governor of Khuroson and the known historic figure Sulton Sanjar. Other parts of the facet are decorated by geometrical figure. In an average part of each facets are located semi circle with the shape of bay arch completions. From the level of top of the socle part of the octahedron begins the trunk of the minaret has been laid out in the form of 16 plaits semi circle of the outline, which then comes to the end by lancet small arcs. Above arches passes the wide zone of an inscription framed decorative corbels. From the top level of zone begins the next section from 16 plaits. In the decoration of the plaits was applied the typesetting mosaic techniques from horizontal and vertically set bricks.
OQ-OSTONA BOBO
The mausoleum is situated on the territory of large and ancient burial ground and built in honour of the Abu-Khu Khuryra considered as associate of Prophet Mohammed. The mausoleum has centric composition , square in plan and oriented to all World's parts. The cubiform construction is flanked by guldasta towers, and crowned by well-proportioned sphere conical dome. Octahedron with arches is decorating dome's ceiling. North-east, north-west and south-west walls of the interior have rather deep lancet bays with two twelvesided columns. The room with grave stone sagana is lightened by hole in sophit of the entrance arch. Façade are decorated by figured brickwork with wide vertical seams. Upper row of brickwork is sloped. Socle, the first ring and two rows of brickwork made from large bricks with 45-50 cm. and 6 cm. from the part. The plan's size from inside is 5,65x5,80m., outside is 9x8,7m.
The monument was suffered some changes in IV centuries. South-east wall was moved, the low parts of other facades were strengthened with a additional layout from large brick. Buttress turrets installed on the corners, except eastern part. Local master Usto Khudayberdy restored partly destroyed dome in XIX century. The building of the monument was restored in2002. The facing of the facade was replaced and the interior of the mausoleum was plastered again.
KAMPIRTEPA
Kampirtepa is one of the unique ancient sites of the ancient settlement of Central Asia. It discovered during archeological reconnaissance in Оks valley (Amu Darya) in 1972. Originally, it has been established as a fortress, located at the crossing through Оks by the caravan way from Baktria to Sogd. Kampirtepa consists of strengthened and not strengthened parts. As a result of archeological researches is established, that Kampirtepa was known in the history in the antiquity Greek ferry (Pandaheyon, Pardagvi), mentioned Khafizi-Abru. Archeological excavations except for set monetary treasures revealed the monuments of four writings - Greek, Bactrian, Brahma and unknown letter. Among these, an outstanding value has opening the oldest Baktrian manuscripts on the papyrus, dated at the end of the I - beginning II centuries A.D., that makes them in general by the most ancient hand-written texts ever found in Central Asia. According to researches was revealed three historical periods of formation Kampirtepa:
- Greek-Bactrian period - time of occurrence of fortress on the place of the future citadel (III-II centuries B.C.)
- Yuchjiy-Kushan period - time pure habitation of citadel (II-I centuries B.C.)
- Great Kushan period - time of intensive construction and formation of powerful fortress (I-middle II centuries B.C.)
Kampirtepa is a bright example of the development of culture, trade, development of town planning in antique and late antique periods of history of Central Asia.
铁尔梅兹古城(Ancient Termez)遗址铁尔梅兹古城遗址[4]位于乌兹别克斯坦铁尔梅兹市西北约5 公里的阿姆河右岸台地上(图四)。自1927 年起经过多次发掘,至今仍在继续发掘中。城址内的文化层厚达19 米,发现了包括希腊化时代、贵霜—萨珊波斯时代和伊斯兰化时代的大量遗迹和遗物。据古希腊地理学家托勒密《地理学》记载,在亚历山大征服阿姆河流域后,在这里建造了一个名为“亚历山大奥克夏纳”(Alexandria Oxiana)的要塞城堡。希腊人退出后,此城即被游牧人毁灭,直到一百多年后,塞琉古王朝的安条克一世在其原址上重新建造了城市,并命名为“安条克亚塔尔米塔”(Antiochia Tarmita)。根据目前的发现, 希腊化时代的城堡遗迹位于此遗址南端,紧邻阿姆河,平面呈长方形,东西长580、南北宽320 米,周边的城墙保存较完整。经过发掘,在其中发现了一些希腊化时代的遗迹和遗物,包括住宅、陶器、雕塑等,尤其是陶器和艺术品具有典型的希腊文化特征(图五、六)。希腊化时代之后, 古城历经数世纪的发展,到公元1~7 世纪贵霜王朝和萨珊波斯先后统治的时期,形成了面积达10 万平方米的主城和20 万平方米的附城的格局,成为巴克特里亚地区最大的城市之一, 不但是丝绸之路上的交通枢纽, 还是佛教自印度传入中亚乃至中国路线上的重要中心, 在中国文献中被称为“呾蜜”、“怛满”、“怛没”。公元630 年,玄奘在西行途中路过此处,并在《大唐西域记》中记载:“呾蜜国, 东西六百余里, 南北四百余里。国大都城周二十余里,东西长,南北狭。伽蓝十余所,僧徒千余人。诸窣堵波及佛尊像,多神异,有灵鉴。”[5]遗址以贵霜—萨珊波斯时代的遗迹、遗物最为丰富。沿着阿姆河发现了这一时期的城墙,残长约500 米,以土坯垒砌,其上仍可辨识城门和15 座方形角塔。在城址中部发现了这一时期的住宅、作坊、佛寺以及雕像、壁画、陶器、钱币、建筑材料等(图七~一六)。其中佛教造像、壁画等充分体现了希腊艺术与犍陀罗艺术的融合(图一二、一三),是早期佛教艺术的典范。这一时期,城市周围也大量兴建佛教寺院,其中很多遗址尚存, 最著名的是城西北的卡拉特佩(Karatepe)、法亚兹特佩(Fayaz Tepa)、成吉思特佩(Tchingiz Tepe)等佛教寺院遗址和城东南的祖尔马拉佛塔(Zurmala Mortar)遗址等。
公元7 世纪之后,铁尔梅兹被阿拉伯帝国攻占,进入伊斯兰化时期,成为一个封建大城、河港以及贸易、手工业中心。这一时期的城市由城堡、城区、附城和郊区四部分组成,总面积达4~5 平方公里。公元9~13 世纪,铁尔梅兹的繁盛达到了顶点,直到1220 年此城被成吉思汗毁灭。这一时期的遗存也很丰富,并有大量古迹遗存至今。在附城手工业区,建有金属加工、制陶、玻璃业的街坊及砖窑。还发现有贵族的房屋,残留有砖铺的花纹地板、雪花石膏的窗格和彩色的窗玻璃。城址东部有公元11~12 世纪统治者的宫殿,其遗存包括一座拱门、一处砖砌水池和一座大厅。大厅的墙壁上有石膏雕刻以及许多带有铭文和花瓣、禽兽、骑士图像的圆形玻璃饰物。此外,还发现有公元9~11 世纪的清真寺、方尖塔、伊斯兰经学院和发达的供水系统。在城内南侧,伊斯兰圣人阿尔哈希姆的陵墓也留存至今。这一时期的遗物,包括大型陶器(图一七)、瓷器、玻璃器等,具有典型的伊斯兰文化风貌。铁尔梅兹古城规模大、内涵丰富,是中亚南部、北巴克特里亚地区重要的古城。虽已废弃数百年,但如今古城原址仍然得到了较好的保存。现在城址内多为空地和耕地,除了博物馆和道路之外,现代建筑较少,文化层保存完整。各类地上文物也都得到了专门保护。