卡尔哈特古城

Ancient City of Qalhat

阿曼苏丹国

位于阿曼苏丹国东岸，是古代阿曼苏丹的首府，并且是阿曼最古老的城市。

遗产名称：卡尔哈特古城

Ancient City of Qalhat

入选时间：2018

遴选依据：文化遗产(ii)(iii)

地理位置：N22 41 42.8 E59 22 41.2

遗产面积 : 75.82 ha 

遗产编号：1537

遗产描述

卡尔哈特古城，该遗产地位于阿曼苏丹国东海岸的卡尔哈特，遗址包括拥有内外城墙的卡尔哈特古城，以及城墙外的墓地。在11-15世纪的霍尔木兹王朝统治期间，卡尔哈特发展成为阿拉伯东海岸的主要港口。如今它已成为阿拉伯东海岸与东非，印度，中国和东南亚之间的贸易联系的独特见证。这片遗址区大约有方圆1公里多左右，除了比比玛丽亚姆陵和几座小的陵墓和矮墙，其他基本上就是一堆乱石。

2018年根据文化遗产遴选依据标准(ii)(iii)，卡尔哈特古城被联合国教科文组织世界遗产委员会批准作为文化遗产列入《世界遗产名录》。

世界遗产委员会评价

该遗产地位于阿曼苏丹国东海岸的卡尔哈特，遗址包括拥有内外城墙的卡尔哈特古城，以及城墙外的墓地。在11-15世纪的霍尔木兹王朝统治期间，卡尔哈特发展成为阿拉伯东海岸的主要港口。如今它已成为阿拉伯东海岸与东非、印度、中国和东南亚之间的贸易联系的独特见证。 [1]

遗产历史

卡尔哈特历史悠久，11世纪就成为波斯湾地区重要城市。13世纪，在忽里模子国王马哈茂德（Maḥmūd al-Qalhātī）的统治下，卡尔哈特进入繁盛时期。马哈茂德死后，继任王子努斯拉特（Sayf al-Dīn Nuṣrat）被其兄弟马苏德（Masʿūd）刺杀。效忠于马哈茂德与努斯拉特父子的土耳其马木鲁克巴哈丁·阿亚兹（Bahāʾ al-Dīn Ayāz）时任卡尔哈特首领；他为了给努斯拉特王子报仇，推翻了马苏德的统治，成为忽里模子的新国王。登基后，阿亚兹常来回于忽里模子和卡尔哈特两城之间；当他不在卡尔哈特时，其王妃比比·玛丽亚姆（Bībī Maryam）负责掌管卡尔哈特。从此，卡尔哈特成为忽里模子的第二首都以及印度洋地区的重要港口。从13世纪到15世纪，马可·波罗、伊本·白图泰和郑和先后到访卡尔哈特。15世纪，卡尔哈特的港口地位逐渐被马斯喀特取代。15世纪后期，忽里模子和盖勒哈特经历了地震。趁着当地人灾后重建，葡萄牙人于1508年攻占卡尔哈特，将其洗劫一空并烧毁殆尽。至16世纪末，卡尔哈特古城几乎完全成为废墟。如今唯一稍微完整的建筑是比比·玛丽亚姆陵墓。

The property, which is located on the east coast of the Sultanate of Oman, includes the ancient city of Qalhat, surrounded by inner and outer walls, as well as areas beyond the ramparts where necropolises are located. The city developed as a major port on the east coast of Arabia between the 11th and 15th centuries CE, during the reign of the Hormuz princes. The Ancient City bears unique archaeological testimony to the trade links between the east coast of Arabia, East Africa, India, China and South-East Asia.

Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

The Ancient City of Qalhat is located on the eastern coast of the Sultanate of Oman, approximately 20 kilometres north of the city of Sur. The property includes the entire Ancient City of Qalhat, demarcated by its inner and outer walls, which extends over 35 hectares, as well as areas outside the walls where the necropolises are situated.

The city was an important port on the sea of Oman along the East Arabian Coast, which allowed for trade with the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean and hence functioned as a trade centre between India and through it East and South East Asia and the Arabian Peninsula. Qalhat flourished in the 11th to 16th century CE under the ruling of the Princes of Hormuz, who coordinated vital exports of horses, dates, incense and pearls. Following Portuguese attacks, the Ancient city of Qalhat was abandoned in the 16th century and has since been preserved as an archaeological site. The remains and monuments on site comprehensively represent a port city of the Kingdom of Hormuz and reflect its legacy, architecture and urban design.

Criterion (ii): Qalhat exhibits the cultural and commercial interchange of values within the trading range of the Kingdom of Hormuz, which extended to India and as far as China and South East Asia. The archaeological site of Qalhat provides physical evidence of these interchanges, documenting the architectural features which indicate its own produce, dates, Arabian horses as well as spices and pearls but also integrating the multi-cultural features of a medieval cosmopolitan city, with houses influenced by the needs of their various owners and inhabitants of foreign cultural origin. The ancient city also includes a number of highly representative buildings which were references in narratives authored by historic travellers.

Criterion (iii): The Ancient City of Qalhat presents a unique testimony to the Kingdom of Hormuz, as it prospered from the 11th to 16th century CE. Ancient Qalhat presents exceptional evidence of a major trade hub, which came under the rule of the Princes of Hormuz and profited from its geo-political position in the region. It was a seasonal residence and refuge to the Princes of Hormuz, which has given it the title of a secondary capital of the larger kingdom. The urban plan and the excavated buildings of Qalhat show features and characteristics specific to the Kingdom of Hormuz and the archaeological remains are its most complete representation and provide further potential for a more detailed understanding of its ways of life and trade.

Integrity

All key components of the Ancient City of Qalhat lie within the property boundaries, which include the entirety of the intra-muros city and the structures immediately outside the city wall. The remains of the walls and street fabric provide a representative testimony to the Kingdom of Hormuz, with the archaeological finds adding to our understanding of how it functioned.

The Ancient city of Qalhat is free of major threats, with the highway along the western side of the property being an unfortunate past intervention. It is important that future infrastructure and other developments in the vicinity of the property avoid any negative impacts to the larger landscape qualities of the site. In case of future increased visitor numbers as result of new visitation concepts, Qalhat needs a controlled and managed tourist traffic to avoid any pressure and behaviour.

Authenticity

The Ancient city of Qalhat since its abandonment in the 16th century is an archaeological site. Its architectural and urban fabric and form remain authentic, almost untouched, as does its setting. The abandonment of the Ancient City of Qalhat plays a positive role in the conservation of its authenticity. The site has not been occupied since the 16th century and, therefore, it preserves all characteristics of organization, function and architectural techniques corresponding to the Islamic Period in general and the period of the Hormuz Kingdom in particular. Conservation, visitor management and site presentation plans aim at preserving this state to the largest extend possible.

Likewise, archaeological excavations have been well planned, thorough and minimal, an approach that should be commended and continued. Conservation works undertaken post-excavation will likewise be guided by minimum intervention approaches. The location of the Ancient City of Qalhat between the mountains, deep valleys and the sea is essential to its largely retained authenticity in setting. Authenticity in meaning is related both to the authenticated history of the site and to stories and myths associated with it, which will be respected within the overall management approach.

Protection and management requirements

The Ancient City of Qalhat is designated as a national cultural heritage site of Oman and is therefore under the highest legal level of protection of national heritage according to Royal Decree No. 6/80. The same Royal Decree also assures the protection of a buffer zone around the heritage sites concerned. The legal protection is effectively implemented by means of fencing and human guards patrolling the archaeological site. Before the property was closed to the public for conservation, the section of the site around Bibi Maryam was protected by the residents of the neighbouring village which was disrupted when the site was closed and visitation was discontinued. This guardianship tradition will be re-activated as part of the future visitor concept.

The administrative organization responsible for the protection and management is the Ministry of Heritage and Culture. The Directorate General of Archaeology as a part of the Ministry’s Administrative structure looks after the day to day management of the site. A management plan was finalized and officially adopted in June 2018, which will guide the establishment of a strengthened management unit and system on site. In light of the possible risks by earthquakes or other natural disasters this management system should integrate risk preparedness and disaster management strategies.

The property is currently closed to visitors for the purpose of continued excavation and conservation measures and no visitor infrastructure exists. While a reopening and with it a need for visitor infrastructure is envisaged, concrete plans for visitor infrastructure and services are yet to be developed. In light of this, Heritage Impact Assessments should be undertaken before any visitor infrastructure is approved within or around the property to prevent potential negative impacts to the Outstanding Universal Value.