摘要: Description　　Sr. No　　Name of the component　　State, Province or Region　　Latitude and Longitude　　A　　Aihole-group,　　Aihole village, Hungund Taluka, Bagalkot District　　16°01'11.5"N, 75°53’00"E　　01　　Ravanp

Description

　　Sr. No

　　Name of the component

　　State, Province or Region

　　Latitude and Longitude

　　A

　　Aihole-group,

　　Aihole village, Hungund Taluka, Bagalkot District

　　16°01'11.5"N, 75°53’00"E

　　01

　　Ravanphadi complex

　　Ravanphadi Main Cave

　　16°01′16.4″N 75°53′01″E

　　2 Temples in Ravanaphadi Cave Premises 

　　16°01′20.5″N 75°53′03.5″E

　　02

　　Mena Basadi

　　16°00′48.8″N 75°53′09.3″E

　　03

　　Konti gudi group

　　Temple on North East

　　16°01′05.3″N 75°52′56.6″E

　　Temple on North west

　　16°01′05.3″N 75°52′56.6″E

　　Temple on South East (Sarangi matha)

　　16°01′05.3″N 75°52′56.6″E

　　Temple on South west

　　16°01′05.3″N 75°52′56.6″E

　　04

　　Hucchapayya Matha

　　16°01′03″N 75°52′55″E

　　05

　　Mallikarjuna Temple, Aihole

　　16°01′12.1″N 75°52′49.4″E

　　06

　　Huchhapayyagudi

　　16°00′47.1″N 75°52′52.1″E

　　07

　　Galagnatha Main Temple

　　16°00′35.5″N 75°52′47.2″E

　　08

　　Temple no 31 (of Veniyar Group)

　　16°1'3"N 75°52'49"E

　　09

　　Hucchimalligudi

　　16°1'25"N 75°52'59"E

　　10

　　Meguti hill complex

　　Meguti temple

　　16°1'2"N 75°53'2"E

　　Partly excavated / partly built structure

　　16°1'2"N 75°53'2"E

　　11

　　Durga complex

　　Durga Temple

　　16°1'14"N 75°52'54"E

　　Ladkhan temple

　　16°01′11.7″N 75°52′54.1″E

　　Gaudar Gudi

　　16°01′11.7″N 75°52′54.1″E

　　12

　　Nagnatha Temple

　　Nagral, Badami Taluqa, Dist. Bagalkot

　　15°54′03.7″N 75°43′58.8″E

　　B

　　Badami-group

　　Badami Municipality, Dist. Bagalkot

　　15°56'55"N, 75°48'30"E

　　13

　　Badami caves complex

　　Cave no 1

　　15°55′06.4″N 75°41′04.2″E

　　Cave no 2

　　15°55′06.4″N 75°41′04.2″E

　　Cave no 3

　　15°55′06.4″N 75°41′04.2″E

　　Cave no 4

　　15°55′06.4″N 75°41′04.2″E

　　14

　　Bhutnatha Temple  (Main Temple)

　　15°55'14"N 75°41'15"E

　　15

　　Malegitti Shivalaya

　　15°55′24.9″N 75°40′55″E

　　16

　　Upper Shivalaya

　　15°55'20"N 75°41'2"E

　　C

　　Pattadakal Temple Complex

　　Pattadkal Village, Badami Taluqa, Dist. Bagalkot

　　15°56'55"N, 75°48'30"E

　　17

　　Chandrashekhara Temple

　　15°57′00.1″N 75°48′58.6″E

　　Kadasiddheshwara Temple

　　15°57′02″N 75°48′58″E

　　Jambulingeshwara Temple

　　15°57′02″N 75°48′58″E

　　Kashi-Vishweshwara Temple

　　15°56′57.7″N 75°49′13.8″E

　　Galaganatha Temple

　　15°57'0"N 75°48'58"E

　　Papanatha Temple

　　15°56'53"N 75°48'54"E

　　Sangameshwara Temple

　　15°56′59.3″N 75°48′58.9″E

　　Mallikarjuna Temple

　　15°56'58"N 75°48'57"E

　　Virupaksha Temple

　　15°56'57"N 75°48'58"E

　　The property constituting of groups of monuments in Aihole (including Nagral) and Badami as an extension to Pattadakal (WH property, Ref: 239rev) which is the culmination, together represent the experimentation in Hindu cave and temple architecture under the Early Chalukya developing fundamental prototypes for later temples in the peninsula.

　　The groups of monuments located in the town of Badami and villages of Aihole, Nagaral and Pattadakal, of Bagalkot district, along Malprabha river is the contribution of the eastern Chalukya Dynasty (6^th-8^th century CE). Ruling a vast culturally diverse expanse bound by Rivers Narmada and Kaveri on the North and South, this Dynasty patronised development of diverse cultural forms. The focus on temple and cave art and architecture by the Badami-Chalukyas led to unprecedented progression of both typologies. The temples at Aihole, Badami and Pattadakal are the largest, earliest group of monuments which comprehensively demonstrates the evolution in Hindu rock-cut and temple architecture in India.

　　The prototypes of 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines were developed in Badami and Aihole, which reached its most matured form in Pattadakal. This transformed the Malaprabha river valley into a ‘cradle of Temple Architecture’, where experimentation defined the components of a typical Hindu Temple.

　　In Temple architecture, two fundamental types of layout, sandhara and nirandhara (with and without circumambulatory path respectively) were developed in the structural temples of Aihole and Badami which was finalised in Pattadakal. The two types can be further categorized based on the type of Shikhara (tapering superstructure) - mundamala (temple without super-structure), rekha-prasada (prevalent in northern and central India), dravidian vimana (prevalent in southern India) and kadamba-Chalukya shikhara (indigenous form prevalent in Deccan region). In addition to the two types of plan-form is an is the apsidal one, an adoption of what is followed in a Buddhist chaitya combined with a rekha-prasada shikhara. The groups of monuments of Pattadakal show a shift in focus of development from the form to elaboration of scale, as evident in the principle shrine (than those in Aihole and Badami), addition of associated structures (subsidiary shrines, nandimantapa) enclosed in a prakara (wall), entered by a pratoli (gateway).

　　Group of temples in Aihole (and Nagral):

　　There are several groups of temples and two cave shrines dotting landscape of the village, Aihole, the first capital of Early Chalukyas. The selected properties in Aihole consist of 2 caves, 1 partly structural-partly excavated and 12 structural temples.

　　Amongst these caves, Ravanphadi cave which is dedicated to Shiva, consists of a mantapa, garbhagriha and two side galleries flanking mantapa. The planning of Meena Basadi cave, with inclusion of sukhanasi and better defined space of vestibule, shows a major step in achieving plan form for built temples in future. Partly excavated / partly built structure standing on the slopes of Meguti hill has two garbhagrihas placed on two storey. The garbhagrihas are excavated in the rock while front verandah is built supported by square columns.

　　Two small temples near Ravanphadi cave have only garbhagriha and ardhamantapa with no superstructure. Konti gudi temples, located within the village consist of garbhagriha attached to the rear wall of the pillared mantapa. The temples are roofed by mundamala shikhara. Ladkhan temple follows similar plan and type of shikhara on a larger scale. The garbhagriha of Guadar gudi is centrally located in the pillared mantapa forming a sandhara structure. Guadar gudi also has mundamala shikhara. Located on the just outside the village, Hucchapayya Matha has a garbhagriha which is attached to an enclosed Mantapa as a separate structure. Temples like Huchhimalli gudi and Huchhapayya gudi signify development in Rekha-prasada type of shikhara. Similar to Guadar gudi, Garbhagriha of Huchhimalli gudi is embedded in the gudhamantapa while garbhagriha of Meguti temple is surrounded by the pradakshina patha. Gudhamantapa is attached to the front wall of sandhara plan of the temple. Temples of Mallikarjuna and Galagnatha represent examples of development of Kadamba-Early Chalukya shikhara. Galagnath temple has an added vestibular space between the already separated garbhagriha and mantapa. Huchhimalli gudi and Meguti temple represent examples of sandhara temples. Durga temple is a rare example of apsidal plan in Early Chalukyan temples. It has sandhara plan and added mukhamantapa as an entrance. Nagnath temple at Nagral has a nirandhara plan which comprised of garbhagriha, pillared mantapa and mukhamantapa. The garbhagriha is capped with Dravidian shikhara. A unique example of trikutachala type of temples which became prevalent form in later in Rashtrakuta period can be seen in a temple no 33 in Veniyar group. 

　　The extensive experimentation in the temples of Aihole carved way to more definite form in the temples of Badami, Nagral and Pattadakal.

　　Group of temples and caves in Badami:

　　The town of Badami which served as a second capital for Early Chalukyas is located at the base where two branches of the western edge of the rocky-crop of the Kaladgi range bifurcate. The town is dotted with numerous temples built during Early Chalukya and Rashtrakuta period. 5 sites (1 group of 4 Caves and 4 free-standing temples) in Badami have been identified owing to their significance in the process of evolution of Early Chalukyan temple architecture. These sites are located at various elevations along the rocky-outcrop. The 4 Caves (Cave no.01, 02, 03 and 04) located on the northern face of the southern branch of the hillock. The caves follow typical plan including entrance porch, pillared mantapa and garbhagriha.

　　Upper-Shivalaya and Malegitti Shivalaya temples are located on the northern branch of the hillock, where the former is on a higher elevated plane than the latter. Shikhara of these temples are Dravidian type. The garbhagriha of Upper Shivalaya is embedded in the mantapa forming a sandhara plan. The plan of Upper Shivalaya is followed in Galagnatha temple in Pattadakal which dates later. The main part of the mantapa of this temple is now fallen. Circular windows on the rear wall of pradakshina path as well as additional storey above the garbhagriha provide uncommon features to the temple. Malegitti Shivalaya has garbhagriha, pillared gudhamantapa which is accessed through mukhamantapa. The temple is roofed with Dravidian shikhara. The Bhutnatha temple (main) is located on the banks of Agastya Tank at the base of the hillock.  Bhutanatha temple has a garbhagriha attached to pillared gudhamantapa. Mukhamantapa of this temple is a later addition. The temple has Dravidian shikhara. All the Early Chalukyan caves and temples in Badami except Upper Shivalaya are nirandhara structures where pradakshina path or circumambulatory path is absent.