遗产数据库
穆格山城堡遗址Сastle on Mount Mugh
摘要: 穆格山城堡遗址 : 8世纪初中亚粟特城堡遗址。位于泽拉夫善河上游该河与库马河合流处的穆格山上(塔吉克斯坦札赫马塔巴德区内)。“穆格”在塔吉克语中意为“王”。该堡当是片治肯特粟特王公季华什契奇的一座要塞,722年被阿拉伯军攻毁。1933年苏联考古学家A·A·弗列依曼主持发掘。城堡建在穆格山顶西南角上,四面有石基土坯堡墙环绕。在石铺台基上,东西并列五 ...
TJ-02 Сastle on Mount Mugh
This apparently small and ordinary castle in picturesque landscape that controlled the passage from Zarafshan river to its tributary Kum obtains outstanding position in the history of Central Asia during the Arab conquest, including the multi-facetted relations of Sogdians along the Silk Roads. It was here that in 1932 – 1933, with quite adventurous circumstances the only surviving Sogdian archive and many material objects have been found. The archive, which is now the basic source for the history of Central Asia, belonged to Divashtich, the last ruler of Panjakent (706 – 722 CE) and his detachment, who were expelled to the mountains where they had to surrender to the Muslim commander. The archive is the main documentary source on Islamization of Transoxiana, and it is great witness to social, political, economic history of 8th century Sogdiana. The references to Arabs, Turks, Persians, Chinese, Khorezmians, Ferganians, etc. in these documents show how much interdependent was Central Asia of that epoch. Apart from documents, many everyday objects were discovered at Mount Mugh, and again, some of them are indications of cultural transfer such as Chinese silk and lacquer objects. Therefore, the Castle on Mount Mugh bears exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition of Sogdians through its documents, tangibly associated with significant events of Islamization and local withstanding to it. It is also a good example of fortification of Sogdians as well as the reflection of human activity in unfavorable mountain environment.
This apparently small and ordinary castle in picturesque landscape that controlled the passage from Zarafshan river to its tributary Kum obtains outstanding position in the history of Central Asia during the Arab conquest, including the multi-facetted relations of Sogdians along the Silk Roads. It was here that in 1932 – 1933, with quite adventurous circumstances the only surviving Sogdian archive and many material objects have been found. The archive, which is now the basic source for the history of Central Asia, belonged to Divashtich, the last ruler of Panjakent (706 – 722 CE) and his detachment, who were expelled to the mountains where they had to surrender to the Muslim commander. The archive is the main documentary source on Islamization of Transoxiana, and it is great witness to social, political, economic history of 8th century Sogdiana. The references to Arabs, Turks, Persians, Chinese, Khorezmians, Ferganians, etc. in these documents show how much interdependent was Central Asia of that epoch. Apart from documents, many everyday objects were discovered at Mount Mugh, and again, some of them are indications of cultural transfer such as Chinese silk and lacquer objects. Therefore, the Castle on Mount Mugh bears exceptional testimony to a cultural tradition of Sogdians through its documents, tangibly associated with significant events of Islamization and local withstanding to it. It is also a good example of fortification of Sogdians as well as the reflection of human activity in unfavorable mountain environment.
8世纪初中亚粟特城堡遗址。位于今苏联塔吉克加盟共和国片治肯特城以东60余公里的扎拉夫尚河与其支流库马河汇合处。“穆格”在塔吉克语中为“王”的意思。该堡当是片治肯特的粟特王公季瓦斯季奇的一座要塞，722年被阿拉伯军攻毁。1933年苏联考古学家A.A.弗赖曼主持发掘。
穆格山城堡遗址
Site of the Castle on Mount Mug
城堡建在穆格山顶西南角一座石铺台基上，面积为19.5米×18.5米。堡墙为石基土坯墙,内有5间狭长的拱顶建筑。出土遗物包括铸有粟特王名的银币和青铜币、带有人物和动物图形的印记、兵器、丝织品和棉织品、木质和陶质的器皿等，但最为重要的是81件写在唐代内地出产的薄纸以及皮革、木片上的文书写本。其中汉文文书8件，系唐中宗神龙二年(706)的残牒、乡籍；另有阿拉伯文、突厥如尼文文书各1件,其余为阿拉米字母拼写的粟特语文书。内容可分为3类:粟特王公季瓦斯季奇的来往信札；帐目、契约等经济文书；婚约等法律文书。从阿拉伯文的书信中已考释出季瓦斯季奇的名字。这批写本是在粟特王国（唐代称昭武九姓）本土发现的第一批粟特语世俗文书。其年代当在 8世纪头25年，正值大食阿拉伯人征服中亚时期。这一发现为研究当地手工业、文化、社会生活以及阿拉伯人征服中亚史提供了重要资料。
穆格山城堡遗址 : 8世纪初中亚粟特城堡遗址。位于泽拉夫善河上游该河与库马河合流处的穆格山上(塔吉克斯坦札赫马塔巴德区内)。“穆格”在塔吉克语中意为“王”。该堡当是片治肯特粟特王公季华什契奇的一座要塞,722年被阿拉伯军攻毁。1933年苏联考古学家A·A·弗列依曼主持发掘。城堡建在穆格山顶西南角上,四面有石基土坯堡墙环绕。在石铺台基上,东西并列五间狭长的拱顶房屋,像几条平行的走廊。共出土遗物约300余件,有瓦器、木制品、革制品、织物、金属器等。就用途言,可分为工具、武器、各种生活用品和铸有粟特王名的货币等。有一件皮面木盾制作精美,其上绘一全副武装的骑士。骑士身着长袍,骑在备鞍的马上。他身佩长剑、匕首、两张弓和一筒箭。最为重要的是发现了81件写在唐代内地生产的薄纸以及皮革、木片上的文书写本。其中汉文文书8件,系唐中宗神龙二年(706)的残牒、地籍和借券; 另有阿拉伯文、突厥卢尼文文书各一件,其余为粟特文书。粟特文书上发现有人头像印记。文书内容可分为四类: 季华什契奇的来往信札; 帐目、契约等经济文书;婚约等法律文书;历书。这批写本是在粟特本土首次发现的粟特世俗文书。穆格山发现的遗物和文书为研究8世纪初期中亚地区的经济、文化和社会生活以及阿拉伯征服中亚史提供了重要资料。
它距离艾尼区 Hayrabad 村 3 公里，位于泽拉夫善河上游的一座山上。“卡莱 穆格”被翻译为“贤士（琐罗亚斯德教）的堡垒”。在阿拉伯历史资料中（at-Tabari），它被称为“Abargar”堡垒。这座堡垒对科学、粟特历史和东方研究的重要性怎么高估都不过分。
1932 年，牧羊人在这里偶然发现了带有粟特字母的篮子。随后由列宁格勒的科学家弗赖曼组织的探险队发现了片治肯特的最后一位粟特统治者-德瓦什蒂奇的档案，以及其他独特的历史发现。在这些文件中，一份是阿拉伯文，一份是古突厥文，其余 74 份是粟特文。（此处数据和具体数据有出入，日后单独描述。译者注。）
列宁格勒东方学家开始工作：弗赖曼破译了粟特字母，院士 卡拉楚科夫斯基解读了阿拉伯文书并将事件与征服粟特的历史时期准确关联。
1957 年，年轻科学家开始研究：李文斯基、斯米诺夫、博戈柳博夫。在破译粟特信件之后，很多事情变得清晰起来：德瓦什蒂奇和他的档案、妇女的现有权利和婚姻契约、中国。
原来，在泽拉夫善河上游的许多村庄，包括乌尔梅坦、马德姆、维什肯德、库姆、泽尔博德、伊斯科达尔、达达尔、瓦尔兹、达格、波库特等，都存在于7世纪。以相同或相似的名称沿用至今。
堡垒内还发现了400多件实物，展示了粟特人的生活状况。
在遥远的 722 年，对于德瓦什蒂奇和片治肯特城里的精英，100 多个家庭来说，这座坚不可摧的堡垒 Abargar（穆格山城堡）成为了躲避阿拉伯人的最后避难所。