图1. 丝绸之路的锡尔河廊道

Fig1.  The Syrdarya corridor of the Silk Roads

卡拉套山脉西部和锡尔河下游之间的历史和文化景观的考古研究尚不充分

There is insufficient archaeological research about the historical and cultural landscape

between the western range of the Karatau mountain and the lower part of the Syr Darya delta.

这里的研究重点是中世纪资料中提到的主要城市中心

Scientific research here has focused on large urban centres mentioned in medieval sources.

因此，通过对哈萨克斯坦城市文化的历史和地理著作

Thus, a comparison of historical and geographical works on urban culture in Kazakhstan

以及民族志和地名学的现代材料进行比较

as well as modern materials on ethnography and toponymy

可以对古代主要城市和贸易中心进行辨别和定位

allowed us to localise and identify the major urban and commercial centres in ancient times

如法拉布、索伦、昔格纳黑、阿萨纳斯、占特、占肯特等

such as Farab, Sauran, Sygnak, Asanas, Djent, Zhankent, etc.

这些都位于丝绸之路的锡尔河流域

图2. 从昔格纳黑至阿萨纳斯的商队路线示意图

Fig2. Schematic map of the caravan route from SYGNAK to ASANAS 

All locations were along the Silk Road - the Syr Darya section

根据考古材料显示

Archaeological materials show that

该地区的密集发展最早开始于7-8世纪

it began to function intensively no earlier than the VII-VIII centuries AD

此时该地区成为突厥部落的一部分

when this territory became part of the Turkic states

特别是乌古斯部落集团时期和南迁霍拉桑地区时期

especially during the Oghuz-Kipchak and Kipchak-Khorezm periods.

其中有些地方，在9-10世纪的资料中被提及

Some of them, mentioned in the sources of the IX-X centuries

如占肯特(雅尼肯特)，占特，昔格纳黑和霍拉等大型城市中心

The large urban centres such as Zhankent (Yangikent), Djent, Syganak, and Chora,

而有些只提及于金帐汗国(钦察汗国)时期

some were in records of the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) period only

如阿萨纳斯、巴尔奇肯特、阿克科尔甘等

Asanas, Barchikent, Akkorgan, etc.

考古资料显示

Archaeological research shows that

锡尔河流域的大部分城市

most cities along the Syr Darya section of the Silk Road

是在讹答剌-卡拉套和七河-阿萨尔文明的基础上形成

were formed based on Otrar-Karatau and Djety-Asar cultures

其人口在动荡的中世纪地缘政治中不断变化

their population changed due to the geopolitical changes during the turbulent Middle Ages

最终毁于内战

and were destroyed in internecine warfare.

1867年，皇家考古委员会成员P.I.勒赫

In 1867, a member of the Imperial Archaeological Commission, P.I. Lerkh

首次进行了对锡尔河流域城市文明的研究

carried out the first works on the study of urban culture in the Syr Darya region

和史料对比研究

and their comparison with historical sources

他重点研究了商路沿线城市的位置

He focused on the locations of towns along the trade routes

从塔什干开始，沿锡尔河流域扩展

which ran along the Syr Darya from Tashkent

或从布哈拉开始，穿越沙漠

or across the sands from Bukhara.

他们提到了詹肯特、阿萨纳斯、昔格纳黑、巴尔齐肯特等遗迹

He mentioned heritage such as Zhankent, Asanas, Sygnak, Barchikent and others.

突厥斯坦考古爱好者协会对锡尔河三角洲古代聚落的解读和定位作出了巨大贡献

Turkestan Circle of Lovers of Archaeology has significantly contributed to

the interpretation and localisation of ancient settlements in the Syr Darya delta.

协会成员中有杰出的东方史学家

There were distinguished orientalists in the circle

如V.V.巴尔托里德、N.N.潘图索夫，N.P.奥斯特罗莫夫、V.A.卡劳尔、A.A.迪瓦耶夫等。

such as V.V. Bartold, N.N.Pantusov, N.P.Ostroumov, V.A.Kallaur, A.A.Divaev, etc.

在20世纪40年代末和60年代初

In the late 1940s and later in the early 1960s

S.P.托尔斯托夫(KAEE)带领花剌子模考古和民族学考察队对中亚地区进行调查

Khorezmian Archaeological-Ethnographic Expedition (KAEE) led by S.P. Tolstov started a survey in the Central Asian region

并在B.V.安德里亚诺夫的领导下，建立了一个单独的锡尔达里亚支队，

and allocated a separate Syr Darya detachment led by B.A. Andrianov

进行了一次独特的考古地貌路线调查

who conducted a unique geo-archaeological itinerary

横跨古老的锡尔河三角洲、卡腊套山西坡及北部的讹答剌绿洲等3000公里的范围

covering 3000km along the ancient Syr Darya, the western slope of Karatau and the Otrar oasis in the north

在调查中发现了大约70个中世纪遗址和城市，灌溉系统

The survey revealed about 70 medieval settlements, towns, and irrigation systems

1960-61年，由N.N.瓦克图尔斯基负责在阿萨纳斯遗址进行了考古工作

In 1960-61, archaeological work was conducted on the Asanas settlement led by N.N. Vakturskaya

该遗迹可以追溯到7-17世纪。

The monument was dated to the VII-XVII centuries.

与此同时，A.N.伯恩施塔姆和E.I. 阿盖娃领导的南哈萨克斯坦考古考察队(SKAE)也在进行工作

At the same time, the South Kazakhstan Archaeological Expedition (SKAE)

led by A.N. Bernshtam and E. I. Ageeva carried out its work.

他们对讹答剌绿洲、卡腊套山北坡和锡尔河谷的大批遗址遗迹进行了调查、测绘和纪年

They focused on the investigation, mapping, and chronology of a large group of sites and settlements in Otrar oasis, the northern slopes of Karatau and the Syr Darya valley.

对遗址地形学和出土陶瓷器的类型学研究

The study of settlement topography and pottery classification

有助于理清城市文化发展中，重要的文化及历史节点

allowed them to clarify the critical cultural and historical stages of urban culture

并揭示中亚地区，贸易和民族政治的联系

revealing the commercial and ethnopolitical relations of Central Asia.

随后，KAEE主要研究锡尔河下游吉列克-拉巴特和七河-阿萨尔文化

Subsequently, KAEE mainly studied the Chirik-Rabat and Djety-Asar cultures

in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya

而SKAE重点研究讹答剌古代聚落和讹答剌-卡拉套文化遗存

while SKAE focused on the ancient settlement of Otrar and the heritage of the Otrar-Karatau culture.

阔尔库特阿塔克孜勒奥尔达州立大学历史系的P.卡拉塔耶夫和T.玛密

Lecturer P. Karataev and T. Mami of the Department of History, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda State University

偶然调查了昔格纳黑和阿萨纳斯之间的地区。

sporadically investigated the areas between Syganak and Asanas

2003年，亚萨维哈萨克-土耳其国际大学在昔格纳黑遗址开始了有规划的考古发掘

In 2003, Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University

started a planned archaeological excavation at the Syganak settlement.

到2004年，国家级项目" 文化遗产" 通过申请

By 2004, the state programme "Cultural Heritage" was approved

其中包含了对昔格纳黑和阿萨纳斯之间部分区域的调查

the area between Syganak and Asanas has been partially explored

并将其纳入有关古代城市群的研究计划当中

and been involved in the study of ancient urban agglomeration

在编写《哈萨克斯坦共和国-克孜勒奥尔达地区历史和文化古迹汇编》一书时，

During the compilation of "The Code of historical and cultural heritage of the Kyzylorda Region, Republic of Kazakhstan"

负责希耶利地区和扎纳科尔甘地区的M.耶列吾奥夫

M. Yeleuov, who responsible for the Shieli and Janakorgan districts of Kyzylorda

确定了70余处新发现的聚落和城镇

identified more than 70 new settlements and towns.

2011-2012年以及2020年

In 2011-2012 and again in 2020

占肯特考古考察队调查了古代锡尔河流域的詹纳达利亚、因卡尔达利亚、库宛达里亚

The Zhankent Archaeological Expedition surveyed Zhanadarya, Inkardarya and Kuvandarya

along the ancient Syr Darya riverside,

确定了数十个新的聚落和防御遗址

discovering dozens of new settlements and fortresses.

对考古遗址地形学和出土陶瓷器的类型学研究

The study of topography and ceramic classification

有助于理清城市文化发展中，重要的文化及历史节点

allowed them to clarify the critical cultural and historical stages of urban culture

并揭示与中亚地区，贸易和民族政治的联系

revealing the commercial and ethnopolitical relations of Central Asia.

2020年开始对阿萨纳斯聚落进行考古发掘

In 2020 the excavations were conducted on the site of the Asanas settlement,

重点发掘了西城门遗址，

working on the western gate of the city,

宫城部分居址和城堡的一处塔楼

residential complex located in the part of Shahristan, and one tower of the citadel.

除了发掘工作，也在阿萨纳斯附近展开了调查

In addition to the excavations, investigating work was organised near Asanas

因此，在阿萨纳斯附近的的阿赫迈特遗址，阿萨纳斯2号和3号遗址，

Hence, repeated investigations were carried out in the surroundings of Asanas,

以及阿萨纳斯-阿塔墓葬遗址，都进行过反复的研究

on the sites of Ahmet, Asanas 2 and 3, the mausoleum of Asanas Ata

基于前期研究

Based on previous works,

为了确认锡尔河流域城市与聚落之间的商路

and the goal of identifying the trade routes between cities and settlements in the Syr Darya region,

我们决定对昔格纳黑和阿萨纳斯地区之间的遗址展开研究

it was decided to conduct research work between the Syganak and Asanas regions.

重建古代商路是一项非常棘手的工作

Reconstruction of the ancient trade route is a challenging task.

此间需要考虑大量信息

It is necessary to consider a great deal of information

如河流水文和淡水供应

such as the hydrography of rivers, the availability of freshwater

以及是否有足够丰饶的牧场喂养驻扎过夜的驮畜

and the existence of rich pastures for grazing pack animals at night.

正如V.M.车列姆尚斯基指出的

As V.M. Cheremshansky noted,

"虽然商路对所有商队来讲都是一样的

"Although the trade road is the same for all caravans...,

但商队行进的方向不一样

caravans always go in different directions,

因为饲料有限，两三个商队不能同时进入同一条路线

because two or three caravans cannot always pass along the same track due to the forage depredation...

他们通常在水井，泉眼，浅滩和定居点附近才会回到真正的商路上来”

and they only come to the actual trade road near wells, springs, fords, and settlements."

目前，哈萨克斯坦科学界

Nowadays, in the science of Kazakhstan,

对昔格纳黑至阿萨纳斯之间商路的运作持两种观点

there are two points of view about the functioning of caravan tracks from Syganak to Asanas.

M.耶列吾奥夫顺锡尔河中下游和卡拉套山脉

М. Yeleuov singles out two main caravan roads

划分了两条主要商路

in the middle and lower reaches of the Syr Darya and on the Karatau mountain range.

第一条是" 锡尔河左岸路线"

The first is the "Road on the Left Bank of Syr Darya",

途径吉扎克-撒马尔罕-阿尔提卡塔-布兹克-科克托拜-坎迪奥兹-喀拉托拜-

covering the route Jizzak - Samarkand - Artykata - Buzyk - Koktobe - Kandyoz - Karatobe -

阿毕兹托拜-科林托拜-梅拉木托拜-阿克科尔甘-乌兹肯特-巴拉潘托拜

Abyztobe - Kelintobe - Meiramtobe - Akkorgan - Uzgent - Balapantobe.

该路线末段的巴拉潘托拜向西即是阿萨纳斯方向

The last caravan route to the west of the town of Balapantobe was towards Asanas.

第二条是" 锡尔河右岸路线"

Second, the route "Road on the Right Bank of Syr Darya"

连通赛拉姆-突厥斯坦-肖拉克科尔根-昔格纳黑-库尤塔姆-莫尔蒂克-贝斯塔姆-苏鲁托拜

connects Sairam - Turkestan - Sholakkorgan - Syganak - Kuyutam - Mortik - Bestam - Sulutobe

T.卡拉塔耶夫则主张从昔格纳黑起始有三条商路

Т. Kartaeva suggests three trading roads at the Syganak exit.

第一条为西北方向，沿萨里苏河下游穿过阿克松拜山口，

The first one was north-westwards along the lower reaches of the Sarysu river through Aksumbe pass,

然后从喀拉肯吉尔到卡尔萨克帕伊和热兹卡兹甘，

then from Karakengir to Karsakpai and Zhezkazgan,

再到乌利陶山麓，一路向西

then to the Ulytau foothills and westwards

第二条沿锡尔河下游到七河阿萨尔峡谷

The second along the lower reaches of the Syr Darya to the Djety-Asar Gorge

后经古占肯特遗址

further to the ancient settlement of Zhankent

穿越咸海直达东欧

and then across the Aral Sea to Eastern Europe