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铁尔梅兹Ancient Termiz呾蜜城

摘要: 铁尔梅兹城址 : 中亚古城遗址。在乌兹别克铁尔梅兹城北,中国古代文献中将该城音译为“怛密”、“怛没”等。1927年起发掘。该城在公元前大夏王国时期已存在,公元1—4世纪贵霜王国时期趋于繁荣,佛教兴盛,遗址甚多,主要有卡拉丘和法亚兹丘二佛寺。9—12世纪城市达于鼎盛,1220年被蒙古军攻破后衰落。
Ancient Termiz
Uzbekistan
乌兹别克斯坦
公元前4世纪至公元13世纪
很多纪念碑和保存下来的遗迹证明泰尔梅兹与伊朗阿契美尼德王朝、古希腊及古罗马的城市是同一时期的产物。
呾蜜城 : 唐西域城名。 《大唐西域记》载, 呾蜜国,“国大都城周二十余里,东西长,南北狭。”《新唐书·西域传》作怛满, 或恒没。 呾蜜城初建于公元前4世纪下半叶,先后为希腊人的寨堡、贵霜王朝的城市。位于今乌兹别克斯坦捷尔梅兹(T-ermiz)西北7公里阿姆河畔。曾是巴克特里亚北部最大的商业都市。
忒耳迷 : 元西域城名。见于《元史·地理志·西北地附录》。又作迭儿密、帖里麻。为花剌子模国阿姆河北岸要塞。1220年蒙古军西征时占领此城。后属察合台汗国。故址在今乌兹别克斯坦捷尔梅兹。

Ancient Termiz includes Qoratepa, Fayaztepa, Zurmala Mortar, Qirq-Qiz, Khakim at-Termiziy, Sultan-Saodat, Kokildor Khonaqo, Djarqurgan Minaret and Kampirtepa. Old Termiz is located in 5 km to the northwest from Termiz, on the right branch of Amudarya River. A total area is 500 hectares consists of four parts, a citadel - Kala, two shakhristans (city) and rabad - the suburb, divided by the fortifications. Capacity of the cultural layers from 2 till 19 m on the citadel. It has arisen in IV - III centuries B.C. The city settlement is formed by the fortress, probably known as Demetriya in III - II centuries B.C. In Kushan period, the large administrative and ideological center of the Northern Bactria was the city of Tarmit with the several Buddhist monasteries - Fayaztepa and Qoratepa. Special blossoming has reached at the IX - X centuries - beginning of XIII century, being the largest trade center-craft of the Northern Toharistan. Mongols destroyed the city in 1220. Partially grows roots in the XVI - XVII centuries. Archeological excavations discovered Buddhist monasteries, palace of Termiz shahs, mosque, buildings of metalworker and potters, walls, economic-inhabited complexes. Necropolis Sultan-Saodat, Kokildor Khonaqo, complex of Qirq-Qiz, the mausoleum Al-Khakim at-Termiziy, Zurmal Mortar, Djarqurgan Minaret, Oq-Ostona Bobo, Kampirtepa are located in the territory of the ancient Termiz.
UNESCO is associated with 2500th anniversary of foundation of the Termiz city in 2001.
Statement of authenticity and/or integrity of the individual component property [see Paragraphs 78-95 of the Operational Guidelines]:
The antique name of the city is Demetreya. Earlier medieval and medieval age monuments until XIX century A.D. show dynamics of the historical development of Termiz during almost 3 millennia. Moreover, the most ancient monuments of Termiz are in the stage of studying, and discovered parts have preserved its authenticity. Considering these circumstances, ancient Termiz should be included in the unique objects of culture.
Ancient Termez, which came down to us with its archaeological and architectural monuments, located in the area of 500 ha, generally, meets the requirements for integrity. Each of its constituent parts preserved its initial structure of planning; its constructions preserved their initial architectural appearance. Although, the majority of ancient monuments, which are the examples of adobe architecture, are in a ruined condition, there are some documentary evidences, which could serve as a reference points in their restoration.
Ancient Termiz includes Qoratepa, Fayaztepa, Zurmala Mortar, Qirq-Qiz, Khakim at-Termiziy, Sultan-Saodat, Kokildor Khonaqo, Djarqurgan Minaret and Kampirtepa.

The antique name of the city is Demetreya. Earlier medieval and medieval age monuments until XIX century A.D. show dynamics of the historical development of Termiz during almost 3 millennia. Moreover, the most ancient monuments of Termiz are in the stage of studying, and discovered parts have preserved its authenticity. Considering these circumstances, ancient Termiz should be included in the unique objects of culture.
Ancient Termez, which came down to us with its archaeological and architectural monuments, located in the area of 500 ha, generally, meets the requirements for integrity. Each of its constituent parts preserved its initial structure of planning; its constructions preserved their initial architectural appearance. Although, the majority of ancient monuments, which are the examples of adobe architecture, are in a ruined condition, there are some documentary evidences, which could serve as a reference points in their restoration.
Buddhist Temple Complex of Kara Tepe
Located on three hills, the Buddhist Temple with its constituent parts and architecture is identified with cave Buddhist monasteries. In the stone rock of the hill prayerrooms were cut with typical cells for monks. Above-ground part also has a place of ritual character, organized around courtyard and shaded with sheds and and having with stupas.
Buddhist Temple Complex of Fayaz Tepe
The complex in terms of architectural form and decorative finish, with its items, found during archaeological excavations (sculptures, utensils), is identified with the Buddhist temple facilities of sangarama type. The plan of the walls and a detached shrine - stupa, are in a good condition. Ruined parts of the complex were conserved. The monument serves as a museum and is open for tourist visits.
Zurmala Buddhist Stupa
The monument, according to the form and archaeological remains, found in the surrounding area, was identified with a large stupa, erected from adobe material, in the Kushan epoch. Despite the fact that the top part of it was lost, its details and elements, especially, its typical form, certifies, that it is a stupa of the large Buddhist Temple. Generally, the Stupa was preserved in its initial dimensions.
Complex of Khakim at-Termiziy
Initial architectural parameters, decorative finish of the premises of the complex of Khakim at-Termiziy, despite reinforcement measures, undertake at different times, did not change. The monument was preserved in a good condition. Its historical environment was also preserved in its initial appearence.
Kyrk-Kyz Complex
Although there are some ruined parts, the complex preserved its planning of rooms, general architectural composition and appearance, the integrity of facades. Minor restoration and conservation works were done on the monument. The complex is one of the rare country estates (kjoshks), preserved in the-territory of Uzbekistan.
Sultan-Saodat Complex
The complex preserved all main elements of architecture of burial vaults, the lost parts of which were restored according to their initial appearance. The integrity of the composition and planning was preserved. Also, surrounding historical and landscape environment was preserved.
Khanqah Kokildora
Khaqah Kokildora was preserved in its initial dimensions and corresponds to the typical characteristics. At the beginning of the XXI century on the monument restoration and beautification works were done.
Djarkurgan Minaret
Minaret was preserved in its initial appearance.
Site of ancient town of Kampyr Tepe
The site is in a ruined condition. Planning, borders and plans of independent constructions were revealed through the archaeological excavations. Found materials were deciphered and indentified. The results of the excavations certify to the authenticity of the monument and allows identifying it with the ancient city of Alexandria Oxiana.
Comparison of the Silk Roads component property: why selected against SoOUV (including explanation of why other similar sites not selected
Ancient Termez
Termez is a well preserved and outstanding site, surrounded by a unique landscape. For 27 centuries it played a significant role in cultural exchange, and was one of the most important strategic points on the Great Silk Road. The city, encompassing the territory of 500 ha, has many monuments of tangible culture, relating to Greco-Bactrian, Kushan and Islamic civilizations. In the Central Aia the Ancient Termez was one of the centers of dissemination of the Buddhist culture and of early Islamic philosophy.
Fayaztepa
Fayaz tepa is not a single monument of Buddhist culture in Uzbekistan. The unique temple complex of Qoratepa locates in 1 km. to the southwest from it. Analogical monuments with the mortars have researched in Ayritam and Dalverzin, Gandahar - India.
The complex of Fayaz Tepe combined an original technology of construction culture (usage of adobe materials), architectural ideas and beautiful decorated finishing, all of which allow revealing important stages of Buddhist architecture development.
Zurmala Mortar
The stupa of Zurmala in the comparing of the mortars, discovered in Ayrimtam, Qoratepa, Fayaztepa and others, by its size, it is 10 times bigger than same age constructions. Seemingly, it had a special value in the compare with the analogical monuments, erected in Epoch of Great Kushan on the territory of Uzbekistan and contiguous countries.
The Stupa, in terms of dimensions, ten times exceeds all known stupas of the region. Its significance in construction culture also lies in its adobe materials, preserved to our days, despite natural impacts (earthquakes, atmospheric moisture, etc).
Qirq-Qiz
Minimal conservation works have been made in Qirq-Qiz complex. The monument in a greater part is preserved, but only in ruined condition. The rests of caravanserai in Merv could serve as analogue of Qirq-Qiz. Prototypes of such structures it is possible to see on the rests of ancient locks in Khorezm, for example Guldursun, Qiz-Kala on Suton-Kala in Merv. Qirq-Qiz is one of the rare preserved monuments from the raw in territory of medieval Termiz.
The complex is a large one and represents a palace-estate (kjoshk), created applying the original technology of construction culture. Its architectural dimensions, usage of adobe materials, two-tier planning do not have analogues in the Samanid epoch of development of Architecture. The complex stands out in terms of historical and architectural values, which make it an outstanding monument of adobe architecture of Central Asia.
Khakim at-Termiziy
Analogue of the complex are Kusam ibn Abbas Mausoleum in Shokhi-Zinda in Samarkand, Pahlavon Makhmud Complex in Khiva and others.
The complex, as well as the Ancient Termez in general, in the IX-XII centuries, were considered the most important centers of early Islamic culture of Central Asia. Natives of Termez played leading roles in dissemination of Islamic beliefs; the personality of Khakim at-Termiziy was known as a great theologian and his tombstone - as a sacred place for all muslims of Central Asia. The architecture of the complex combined unique for the XI-XII centuries techniques of costruction and decoration styles, which defined the direction of the future development of architecture of cult constructions of the region.
Sultan-Saodat
Sulton-Saodat as the type ensemble buildings, concerns to earlier period. Subsequently in Samarkand and in other cities there are similar constructions, as Shakhi-Zinda, the mausoleum Guri-Amir, and with the domestic shape Khazrati-imam in Shakhrisyabz. The Architectural decor especially in brick facing can be compared with well-known Samanids Mausoleum in Bukhara, mausoleum Oq-Ostona Bobo in Uzun. It is not excluded, that the Sulton-Saodat has formed the basis for development here medieval Termiz
Compositionally, the complex is uniformly connected with oblong courtyard of the burial vaults of Termez Seyids (who played leading roles in political history of Central Asia), relating to different times. Architecture of the complex demonstrates the development of cult constructions (burial vaults) during six centuries.
Kokildor Khonaqo
Typological difference from similar constructions on territories of Uzbekistan and its relation with monuments in Balkh make this object outstanding, reflecting school of architecture of Tokharistan and Balkh.
The Khanqah in terms of its original planning lay out and decorative finish represents a unique object in the region.
Djarqurgan Minaret 
This minaret similar in techniques of performance - palace of Termiz governors (XI - XII centuries), the mosque in the complex Khakim at-Termiziy (XI - XII centuries) mausoleum Oq-Ostona Bobo in Uzun district of Surkhandarya Region, and also mausoleum Zul Kifl on the island of «Orol Payg'ambar» in Amudarya. The minaret was exposed to insignificant conservation works. As a whole on 95 % of minaret was preserved in the primeval shape.
Minaret is a unique, original example of cultural traditions, the development of which is observed in the Х - XIX centuries. It reflects a particular direction of Termez School of Architecture.
Kampirtepa
Kampirtepa is the unique city in all Central Asian Regions. The port customs city has been constructed by the Alexander Great, and has identified with the most ancient city Alexandria Ocean. It has not enough analogues. 
It is the trade city (town) of the antiquity, located on the Great Silk Road, and stands in the third place, after Ayritam and Ancient Termez; it played significant role in trade-cultural and spiritual links between East and West; was one of the strategic and ifluental points in dissemination of Buddhist faith and culture during the Kushan period.
City planning and its constructions made a positive impact on further development of town building, architecture and monumental art of Central Asia.
铁尔梅兹城址 : 中亚古城遗址。在乌兹别克铁尔梅兹城北,中国古代文献中将该城音译为“怛密”、“怛没”等。1927年起发掘。该城在公元前大夏王国时期已存在,公元1—4世纪贵霜王国时期趋于繁荣,佛教兴盛,遗址甚多,主要有卡拉丘和法亚兹丘二佛寺。9—12世纪城市达于鼎盛,1220年被蒙古军攻破后衰落。

铁尔梅兹古城(Ancient Termez)遗址铁尔梅兹古城遗址[4]位于乌兹别克斯坦铁尔梅兹市西北约公里的阿姆河右岸台地上(图四)。自1927 年起经过多次发掘,至今仍在继续发掘中。城址内的文化层厚达19 米,发现了包括希腊化时代、贵霜—萨珊波斯时代和伊斯兰化时代的大量遗迹和遗物。据古希腊地理学家托勒密《地理学》记载,在亚历山大征服阿姆河流域后,在这里建造了一个名为“亚历山大奥克夏纳”(Alexandria Oxiana)的要塞城堡。希腊人退出后,此城即被游牧人毁灭,直到一百多年后,塞琉古王朝的安条克一世在其原址上重新建造了城市,并命名为“安条克亚塔尔米塔”(Antiochia Tarmita)。根据目前的发现, 希腊化时代的城堡遗迹位于此遗址南端,紧邻阿姆河,平面呈长方形,东西长580、南北宽320 米,周边的城墙保存较完整。经过发掘,在其中发现了一些希腊化时代的遗迹和遗物,包括住宅、陶器、雕塑等,尤其是陶器和艺术品具有典型的希腊文化特征(图五、六)。希腊化时代之后, 古城历经数世纪的发展,到公元1世纪贵霜王朝和萨珊波斯先后统治的时期,形成了面积达10 万平方米的主城和20 万平方米的附城的格局,成为巴克特里亚地区最大的城市之一, 不但是丝绸之路上的交通枢纽, 还是佛教自印度传入中亚乃至中国路线上的重要中心, 在中国文献中被称为“呾蜜”、“怛满”、“怛没”。公元630 ,玄奘在西行途中路过此处,并在《大唐西域记》中记载:“呾蜜国, 东西六百余里, 南北四百余里。国大都城周二十余里,东西长,南北狭。伽蓝十余所,僧徒千余人。诸窣堵波及佛尊像,多神异,有灵鉴。”[5]遗址以贵霜—萨珊波斯时代的遗迹、遗物最为丰富。沿着阿姆河发现了这一时期的城墙,残长约500 米,以土坯垒砌,其上仍可辨识城门和15 座方形角塔。在城址中部发现了这一时期的住宅、作坊、佛寺以及雕像、壁画、陶器、钱币、建筑材料等(图七~一六)。其中佛教造像、壁画等充分体现了希腊艺术与犍陀罗艺术的融合(图一二、一三),是早期佛教艺术的典范。这一时期,城市周围也大量兴建佛教寺院,其中很多遗址尚存, 最著名的是城西北的卡拉特佩(Karatepe)、法亚兹特佩(Fayaz Tepa)、成吉思特佩(Tchingiz Tepe)等佛教寺院遗址和城东南的祖尔马拉佛塔(Zurmala Mortar)遗址等。

公元世纪之后,铁尔梅兹被阿拉伯帝国攻占,进入伊斯兰化时期,成为一个封建大城、河港以及贸易、手工业中心。这一时期的城市由城堡、城区、附城和郊区四部分组成,总面积达4平方公里。公元913 世纪,铁尔梅兹的繁盛达到了顶点,直到1220 年此城被成吉思汗毁灭。这一时期的遗存也很丰富,并有大量古迹遗存至今。在附城手工业区,建有金属加工、制陶、玻璃业的街坊及砖窑。还发现有贵族的房屋,残留有砖铺的花纹地板、雪花石膏的窗格和彩色的窗玻璃。城址东部有公元1112 世纪统治者的宫殿,其遗存包括一座拱门、一处砖砌水池和一座大厅。大厅的墙壁上有石膏雕刻以及许多带有铭文和花瓣、禽兽、骑士图像的圆形玻璃饰物。此外,还发现有公元911 世纪的清真寺、方尖塔、伊斯兰经学院和发达的供水系统。在城内南侧,伊斯兰圣人阿尔哈希姆的陵墓也留存至今。这一时期的遗物,包括大型陶器(图一七)、瓷器、玻璃器等,具有典型的伊斯兰文化风貌。铁尔梅兹古城规模大、内涵丰富,是中亚南部、北巴克特里亚地区重要的古城。虽已废弃数百年,但如今古城原址仍然得到了较好的保存。现在城址内多为空地和耕地,除了博物馆和道路之外,现代建筑较少,文化层保存完整。各类地上文物也都得到了专门保护。


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